Crushing equipment is a mechanical device used to crush solid materials into smaller particles or powders, widely used in various fields such as mining, construction, metallurgy, chemical engineering, and environmental protection. Its core function is to overcome the cohesive force of materials through external forces such as compression, impact, shearing, grinding, etc., reducing the size of materials to meet the needs of subsequent processing, transportation, or utilization. The following provides a detailed introduction from the aspects of classification, working principle, typical equipment, application scenarios, and selection points:
According to the size of the crushed material and the particle size of the crushed product, crushing equipment is usually divided into three categories: coarse crushing equipment, medium crushing equipment, and fine crushing equipment; According to the working principle, it can be divided into extrusion type, impact type, shear type, grinding type, etc. The specific classification is as follows:
1. Coarse crushing equipment (processing large pieces of material, with coarse product particle size)
Jaw crusher: One of the most commonly used coarse crushing equipment, which compresses and crushes materials through the periodic opening and closing of moving and fixed jaws. Suitable for materials with high compressive strength (such as ore, rock, concrete blocks, etc.), the crushing ratio (the ratio of raw material particle size to product particle size) is generally 3-6.
Rotary crusher: Similar in structure to a jaw crusher, but with a conical crushing chamber, the main shaft drives the rotating cone to compress and bend materials for crushing. High processing capacity and efficiency, suitable for coarse crushing operations in large mines, with a crushing ratio of about 5-8.
2. Intermediate crushing equipment (for processing coarse crushed materials with medium product particle size)
Cone crusher: divided into standard, medium, and short head types, it squeezes materials through the relative motion between the moving cone and the fixed cone. The standard type is used for medium crushing, while the short head type can be used for fine crushing, suitable for secondary crushing of hard rocks such as iron ore and granite, with a crushing ratio of about 5-15.
Counterattack crusher: using a plate hammer on a high-speed rotating rotor to impact the material, causing the material to repeatedly collide and break between the plate hammer and the counterattack plate. Suitable for brittle materials such as limestone and concrete blocks, the product has a good particle shape (mainly cubic), and the crushing ratio can reach 10-20.
3. Fine crushing equipment (for processing materials that have been crushed to a finer particle size)
Sand making machine (impact crusher): The material is accelerated and thrown out by a high-speed rotating impeller, which collides with the surrounding lining plate or the material itself to break, and has both crushing and shaping functions. Mainly used for crushing ores and rocks into sand particles (such as construction sand), the product particle size can be controlled within 0-5mm, and the crushing ratio can reach 20-50.
Roller crusher: It crushes materials by squeezing them with two relatively rotating rollers, suitable for materials with medium hardness or below (such as coal and limestone). The product particle size can be controlled by adjusting the roller spacing, and the crushing ratio is about 4-8.
4. Ultra fine crushing/grinding equipment (the product is powder or fine particles)
Ball mill: It crushes materials through the rotation, impact, and grinding of steel balls inside the cylinder, and is suitable for grinding materials to micrometer level powders (such as cement raw materials and ore powder). It is widely used in metallurgy and chemical industries.
Raymond mill: Grinding materials through the relative motion of grinding rollers and grinding rings, matched with fans and analytical machines to control the fineness of finished products (generally 80-325 mesh), suitable for fine crushing of non-metallic minerals (such as limestone and gypsum).
Impact ultrafine crusher: using high-speed airflow to collide and friction crush animal materials, it can crush materials to the micrometer or even nanometer level, suitable for fine chemical fields such as pharmaceuticals and coatings.
